On This Day: January 26th

The Rum Rebellion is the only successful (albeit short-lived) armed takeover of the government in New South Wales.

The British First Fleet, led by Arthur Phillip, sails into Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) to establish Sydney, the first permanent European settlement on Australia. Commemorated as Australia Day.

A British naval expedition arrives at and names Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands, founding a settlement there eight days later. (Arrival was 15 January 1765 O.S.)

The 8.7-9.2 Mw Cascadia earthquake takes place off the west coast of North America, as evidenced by Japanese records.

For the first time, the Ottoman Empire permanently cedes territory to the Christian powers.

Reapers' War: Battle of Montjuïc, decisive victory of the Catalan army (with French support) over the Spanish army.

The Council of Trent establishes an official distinction between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tsardom of Russia in the Battle of Ula during the Livonian War.

The 6.4-7.1 .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}Mw Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.

The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.