On This Day: October 27th

The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the U.S.

King George III expands on his Proclamation of Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies in his speech from the throne at the opening of Parliament.

J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Ich will den Kreuzstab gerne tragen, BWV 56, one of few works he called a cantata.

Philadelphia is founded in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

The French garrison in Grave surrenders the town to a Dutch army after a difficult siege.

Second Battle of Newbury in the English Civil War.

Condemned as a heretic, Michael Servetus is burned at the stake just outside Geneva.

French troops lay siege to Pavia.

Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.

Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.