On This Day: October 23rd

James Ussher's purported creation date of the world according to the Bible.

Liberators' civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat an army under Brutus in the second part of the Battle of Philippi, with Brutus committing suicide and ending the civil war.

The Battle of Edgehill is the first major battle of the English Civil War.

Irish Catholic gentry from Ulster attempt to seize control of Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland, so as to force concessions.

Scotland wins a decisive victory over England at the Battle of Sark, the last pitched battle to be fought between the two kingdoms during the Medieval period.

The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris.

The Battle of Grathe Heath ends the Danish Civil War.

Spanish Reconquista: At the Battle of Sagrajas, the Almoravids defeat the Castilians, but are unable to take advantage of their victory.

The Synodus Palmaris, called by Gothic king Theoderic, absolves Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius.

Valentinian III is elevated as Roman emperor at the age of six.